Evidence For Evolution Mind Map

Development by Teri Lynn Lewis Mind Map: Evolution

i. ex. a grey hound and corgi, cant breed due to barriers

ii. Origins

two.i. Hypotheses for organic molecules (stage ane)

2.1.1. Reducing atmospere

two.one.1.1. atm rich in water vapor, H2, CH4, NH3, O2

2.1.1.2. Stanley Miller used a chamber apparatus to stimulate atm & lightening

two.1.1.2.i. Formed Precursors, amino acids, sugars, and nitrogenous bases

2.1.1.three. organic molecules can come up from inorganic molecules

two.i.2. Extraterrestrial

2.1.two.ane. meteorites brought carbon to World

2.1.ii.1.1. carbon, aminos, nucleic bases

ii.1.iii. Deep Sea Vent

2.one.3.1. molecules formed between extremely hot vent h2o & common cold ocean water

ii.2. Organic polymers (stage ii)

2.2.1. nucleic acids, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates (MACRO MOLECULES ARE FORMED)

2.2.2. nucleic acid polymers&polypeptides on clay surfaces

ii.2.three. cant course in aquatic solutions bc hydrolysis competes with polymerization

2.iii. Boundaries (Stage iii)

two.3.ane. Protobiont- precursors to prokaryotic cells

ii.3.1.i. one) boundary separates ext env from int contents

2.iii.1.2. two)Polymers inside protobiont contains info (RNA)

2.three.1.3. 3) polymers had enzymatic role, proteins take more functions

2.3.one.iv. four)maintain homeostasis

ii.3.1.iv.1. replication needed

2.3.2. living cells evolved from..?

2.3.2.1. coacervates-aerosol from charged polymers

two.three.2.1.1. organisms needs this to take metabolic function

2.3.2.two. liposomes- vesicles around phospholipid bilayer..closest to humans, on smoothen ERs

2.three.ii.two.1. enclose RNA to replicate

2.3.three. central Dogma

2.three.three.1. RNA (came first)

2.3.3.one.1. 1) stores info

2.three.3.i.2. prone to mutations

2.4. RNA World Hypothesis (Stage 4)

2.v. Chemical Selection (mixture of a chemical, has properties that makes it increase)

2.5.i. Dna takes over RNA info storage

2.v.1.1. DNA has less mutations

two.5.2. Poly peptide takes over metabolism

2.5.2.1. has greater catalytic potential

two.v.two.ii. tin ship, etc

2.5.iii. doesnt rely on reprouction

ii.5.4. Bartel experiments that RNA doesnt need its enzymatic functions to brand DNA

ii.6. you can tell where and when they are located and what organisms evolved from

ii.7. Fossils

ii.vii.i. once living, decomposed&compacted into earths surface

2.7.1.1. time, beefcake, size, number, geo, location

2.7.2. most rocks are sedimentary

2.7.2.one. deceit detect DNA sequence bc of soft tissues

2.eight. History of Life on Earth

2.viii.1. Earth 4.55 bya

two.viii.two. Hadean Eon (no life)

2.eight.3. Archaean Eon (prokaryotes)

2.eight.3.1. fossils-three.v bya

2.8.three.1.1. stromalites-layerd CaCO3

2.8.three.2. organisms anaerobic

ii.8.iii.3. 1st cells heterotrophic

two.8.iii.3.1. cyanbacteria produce O2

ii.8.4. Proterozoic (Eukaryotes)

2.8.4.i. euk-1.five bya

ii.8.four.ii. went through endosymbiosis

2.8.4.2.1. archae invaginates membrane

two.8.iv.2.2. membrane takes in bacteruim

2.8.4.2.iii. cyanbacteria issue

2.8.iv.two.four. first diploblaastic

2.8.4.3. kickoff multicellular

2.eight.5. Phanerozoic Eon (afterward Precambrian, animals appear)

2.viii.5.1. Cambrian Explosion (animals and plants) happened

2.8.5.2. animals (outset)

2.8.5.two.1. sponge-like/Jelly fish (radial symmetry)

2.viii.5.3. Paleozoic Era

2.8.5.three.i. 1st animals/land plants

two.8.5.4. Era

ii.8.5.four.1. dinosaurs, birds, flowers

ii.8.5.5. Cenozoic Era

2.8.5.v.i. hominids

two.8.6. came from Prebiotic soup

ii.8.7. outset fabricated cell

two.eight.7.i. was a prokayote, then...

2.8.vii.1.1. formed into eukaryote

ii.8.8. universe 13.7 bya

two.eight.9. solar system 4.6 bya

2.viii.10. life 3.5 bya

two.9. Env changes that influence macroevo

2.9.1. climate

2.9.2. atm

2.9.3. continental drift

ii.9.4. volcanoes

two.nine.v. meteros

3. Natural Selection

3.1. the modify in heritable characteristics of a population/time

3.ane.1. explains wide observations

3.1.i.1. supported past a large torso of evidence

3.one.1.1.one. cannot create diverse traits, acts on variation

3.ii. Charles Darwin

3.2.1. "The Origin of Species"

3.2.2. challenged views of earth origin

3.two.3. descent with modification=diverseness

3.2.iv. artificial option

iii.ii.4.1. alter traits and breed

3.2.4.1.1. breeders determine what traits to have

3.ii.5. traits inherited from parents-offspring

3.two.6. 13 finish species

3.2.7. natural selection happens because of natural variation

three.3. Misconceptions

3.4. homology-similar to each other, from common ancestor

3.4.ane. set up of bones in forearms

3.iv.1.one. structure

3.5. analogy-convergence, arises independently

three.5.ane. function

iii.half dozen. MRSA

3.6.1. resitant to antibacteria, especially penicillum

3.half-dozen.1.1. vanocomycin worked in MRSA, vanomycin was the merely one that had a mutation that could survive, until plate 3 when MRSA started resisting that, also.

3.6.2. a bacteria that causes infections on the body

iii.half-dozen.2.1. resistant to penicillin derivatives

3.vi.2.ane.1. will become resistant to more antibacterial over evolvement

3.6.iii. dev a mutation that outcompetes others due to N.S. and its abilityto resist dying from antibacteria, then its the merely to survive s it reporduces and is more than resistant to other antbacterias over time

three.7. N.Due south. doesnt create new traits, but selects.

3.8. vestical structure

3.8.1. structures yous go from common ancestor but aren't relevent

3.eight.1.i. evidence of evolutionary change

3.ix. molecular structure that involves the cistron sequences of RNA,DNA and proteins over generations over a period of time

4. Populations

4.ane. fertile offspring

iv.2. gene-pool-all alleles in population

iv.3. polymorphism-two or more variants for a character of a population

4.3.1. ex. elderberry flowered, 2 colour variants

4.4. allele frequency-# of copies of an allele/total alleles for that cistron

4.five. genotype- set of genes responsible for that trait, frequencies of the alleles

4.half-dozen. relative fettle- the survival rate of one genotype compared to all of the others.

iv.7. variation- differences between cells due to environmental/genetic differences.

four.8. The 5 Factors of Hardy-Eq

4.8.1. mutations

four.8.1.1. happen at random

iv.viii.1.1.i. MRSA

iv.8.2. geneflow (migration)

4.viii.two.1. alleles move btw populations

4.8.2.one.ane. immigrants coming in will brand alleles less unlike.

four.viii.3. chance (genetic migrate)

4.8.3.1. bottle neck

4.8.3.one.1. a sudden alter in surroundings

iv.8.3.ii. founder result

4.8.3.ii.1. isolation occurs from a large population

4.eight.4. non-random mating

four.8.5. natural selection

iv.8.five.1. directional

4.viii.5.ane.1. mutation makes organism better in surroundings, out competes other alleles----hateful fettle >

four.8.5.2. stabillizing

4.8.5.2.1. as well many results in problems, likewise less does too. Middle is preffered

4.viii.v.3. diversifying (disruptive)

four.8.5.3.1. both extremes are preferred

four.8.v.4. balancing

iv.8.5.iv.one. heterozygous gene results in resistance to disease

4.8.5.5. sexual

4.8.v.5.one. a course of natural selection

4.eight.5.5.2. desired trait of mate

iv.viii.5.5.3. intra

4.8.5.5.iv. inter

5. Plants

five.1. nonvascular (bryophytes)

v.1.1. no xylem, phloem

5.1.ane.ane. ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts

5.ane.1.2. cant exist far from water bc no xylem

5.2. vascular (tracheophytes)

v.2.ane. non-seed

v.ii.1.1. ex. ferns

five.two.2. seed

5.two.2.1. naked seeds

5.2.two.1.1. gymnosperms

5.ii.ii.2. flower seeds

5.two.two.ii.ane. angiosperms

5.2.2.2.2. all fruit come from flowers, swollen ovarys

5.3. Terrestrial

v.4. uses alt of gen

5.4.1. sporophyte produces spores through meiosis (diploid)

5.iv.ii. gametophyte produces games through mitosis (haploid)

v.iv.iii. useful bc information technology disperses seeds

half-dozen. Speciation

6.1. species=kind, appearance

vi.2. ane population splits into 2, these split again and mutual ancestor disappears

vi.three. Mayr'southward Biological Species concept based on reproduction/isolation

6.three.1. grouping of populations who interbreed and produce fertile offspring

vi.4. Morphological Species Concept

vi.4.1. based on classifying species based on characteristics such as body shape and structures towards asexual and sexual.

6.5. Ecological Species Concept

6.v.1. species based on a niche and its environment

6.half dozen. Phylogenetic Species Concept

6.vi.1. based on a mutual antecedent and its derived traits

6.7. reproduction isolation-barriers to forbid 2 species from making fertile offspring

6.7.1. prezygotic

6.7.1.ane. habitat

6.7.1.one.i. ex. snake in lake, snake in desert

six.7.i.ii. temporal

vi.7.1.2.i. ex. skunks in different season may breed at different TIMES

6.7.1.three. behavioral

6.7.1.iii.ane. ex. meadowlark (east&west) take different chirps to their mates

6.7.1.4. mechanical

6.vii.i.4.1. ex. snails trying to both get clockwise into each other'south trounce

6.7.1.5. gametic

6.7.one.5.1. specie's egg&sperm meets merely unable to fertilize

6.seven.2. postzygotic

vi.7.2.1. reduced hybrid viability

half dozen.7.2.one.1. ex. fragile salanmander

6.vii.2.i.ii. different species mate

6.vii.2.2. hybrid breakup

6.vii.2.2.one. 1st generation makes it merely not the 2nd (infertile)

six.7.2.three. reduced hybrid fertility

6.vii.ii.3.ane. ex. donkey

6.eight. cladogenesis (species splits into ii, no gene flow)

half dozen.8.i. allopatric

6.eight.2. sympatric

six.viii.ii.one. isolated from beliefs

6.8.2.1.1. species are geographically isolated from each other

6.eight.2.2. blackness cap, birds go to united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland because it is shorter and people put out bird feeders

half-dozen.9. Evo-Devo

6.nine.1. studies bequeathed relationships

6.9.2. study of hox genes

6.9.2.i. body course plans

seven. Taxonomy & Systematics

7.1. Taxonmy

7.i.1. describing and naming

7.i.1.i. categories based on taxons

7.ane.1.1.i. Bacteria

7.i.1.1.2. Archaea

7.1.1.1.iii. Eukarya

7.i.ane.two. 5 scientific names

7.1.ane.ii.ane. Cannis familiaris

7.1.1.two.2. Felis cactus

vii.1.1.ii.3. Capra hircus

7.ane.i.2.4. Canis lupus

7.ane.1.2.5. Homo sapiens

vii.one.ii. history of taxons

7.1.2.1. Plants or animals

7.1.two.2. 5 kingdom organisation

7.ane.2.two.ane. kingdom monero

7.1.2.ii.2. Kingdom Protista

7.one.2.2.3. Kingdom Animalia

7.i.two.2.4. Kingdom Fungi

7.1.ii.iii. iii Domain System

7.1.2.3.1. Bacteria

7.1.2.three.ii. Archae

7.1.two.3.iii. Eukarya

7.2. Systematics

7.ii.1. bio diversity and evo relationships

7.2.2. phylogenetic trees

7.two.2.1. cladogenesis (divergence)

7.2.2.one.1. monophyletic

7.2.2.ane.2. paraphyletic

7.2.2.i.iii. polyphyletic

7.two.two.2. anagenesis (rare) (one species into another)

7.ii.3. cladistics

7.2.three.one. cladograms

seven.2.three.1.1. two character states they are grouped by

vii.2.3.ane.ii. horizontal cistron transfer

7.ii.4. clade-one

8. Prokaryotes

8.1. bacteria

viii.one.ane. first organism on World

8.1.i.one. cyanbacteria

8.one.1.ane.i. oxygen producing, chlorophyll a and phycoblins, single-cell, grows in blooms when alot of heat is present. Alot of Due north and P produce cyanbacteria.

8.ane.ane.1.2. freshwater, oceans, wetlands

8.1.1.1.3. merely prokaryotes to generate o2 from photosynthesis

viii.1.one.1.4. gave rise to plastids

8.1.1.2. actinobacteria

8.1.1.2.1. fix N, makes antibiotics

eight.1.ane.ii.2. gram positive

8.ane.ane.2.3. has mycuim, looks like fungi

viii.1.i.2.four. also know asmycobacteruim

8.1.one.2.five. chloroflexi

viii.1.1.2.half-dozen. terrestrial or aquatic

8.ane.one.2.7. decomposes organic matter

eight.1.two. classified according to shape and staining

8.1.ii.1. sphere-shaped

8.i.2.ii. rod-shaped

8.1.ii.3. comma shaped

eight.1.2.4. screw-shaped

8.1.3. gram-postive

eight.i.3.1. violet, thick peptidoglycan layers

8.1.4. gram-negative

8.1.four.i. pinkish, thin layer of peptidoglycan

viii.2. archaea

eight.2.ane. histone protiens

8.2.two. RNA polymerases

8.ii.iii. Ribsomal proteins

viii.2.4. most recent ancestor

8.2.five. different from bacteria:

eight.2.5.one. archaea and eukarya share a more recent common ancestor

8.2.5.2. archaea has a more than complex RNA polymerase

viii.2.5.3. membrane bonding different from each other

8.2.v.4. archaea doesnt include peptidogycan

8.three. unicellular

nine. Bacteria and Achaea

9.1. Norman Pace

nine.i.1. doesn't like the discussion "prokaryote" bc it is divers equally a precursor of eukaryotes and ways it doesnt take membrane bound organelles or a nucleus and he says words shouldnt be ascertain as to what they arent.

9.i.1.1. to get rid of the word one might take to make a new word and make information technology pop, change it in textbooks,etc.

9.ii. Leaner (hither 1st)

9.2.1. moderate condition, some farthermost

9.2.1.1. actinmycetes

9.2.i.1.1. colonies with branched bondage of cells

9.2.i.1.2. decomposed organic matter

ix.2.one.one.3. causes strep throat

9.two.i.i.4. used for antibiotics

9.2.i.2. cyanobacteria

9.2.1.ii.1. o2 producing leaner, only one to release o2 from photosynthesis

nine.ii.one.2.2. chloropyll a and phycoblins-dark-green pigment

ix.2.1.ii.iii. produces blooms that are toxic

ix.2.i.2.4. chloroplast evolved from it

9.2.1.3. proteobacteria

9.2.one.three.1. gram-negative

ix.2.one.three.2. aerobic/anaerobic

nine.ii.ane.3.iii. splits into 5 subgroups

9.ii.2. defined past shapes

9.2.2.1. rod-shaped

9.2.2.two. comma shaped

9.ii.ii.three. spiral shaped

9.2.2.4. sphere shaped

9.two.3. Peptidoglycan

9.2.3.1. thick cell wall on the plasma membrane that contains amino acids and sugars that makes leaner pos/million staining.

nine.2.3.2. as well called murein

9.2.iii.3. Gram positive

9.ii.3.3.1. pink, thick layer

9.ii.3.4. Gram negative

9.2.iii.4.one. violet, thin layer

9.3. archaea

9.3.i. closer to eukaryotes bc of histone proteins, RNA polymerases and ribosomal proteins

ix.3.2. ether bonds

9.3.3. lives in extreme conditions

ten. Protist

ten.i. eukaryotes

10.2. not a clade bc endosymbiosis happened multiple times, termed "polyphyletic"

ten.3. non a fungi, found nor animate being

x.four. invented

10.4.one. sexual life cycles

10.4.one.one. protist CAN reproduce ASEXUALLY

ten.4.2. multicellulararity

10.iv.3. circuitous organelles

10.iv.iv. linear chromosomes, mitosis